Democracy Course Guide

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences  

Professor Peter Furia

Studies the geographic, demographic, economic, and ideological factors conditioning the policies of states, and the methods and institutions of conflict and adjustment among states, including the functions of power, diplomacy, international law and organization. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor David Waldner 

Introduction to Comparative Politics surveys the major themes, theories, and methods of domestic politics around the globe in the modern era. Thematically, we examine the gap between rich and poor nations, between democracies and dictatorships, and between civil war and civic orders. Theoretically, we consider theories of political culture, political institutions, and political economy. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Tom Donahue-Ochoa

Introduces political philosophy as a mode of inquiry, and consideration of selected problems and writers in Western political theory. 

School of Education

Professor Sabrina Curtis

How can we be part of creating a more just world? In this course, we'll aim to answer that question for ourselves by examining practices of youth and community engagement through a critical and discerning lens. We'll reflect on our own practice engaging with youth and their communities, examine our roles in those relationships and interactions, explore the complexities and importance of culture, and consider our own cultural influences. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor TBA

Analyzes the causes and consequences of current social problems in the United States: race and ethnic relations, poverty, crime and delinquency, the environment, drugs, and problems of educational institutions. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Christa Dierksheide

This course provides the opportunity to offer a new topic in the subject area of United States history. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Siva Vaidhyanathan 

This course is a survey introduction to the complex and increasingly pervasive impact of mass media in the U.S. and around the world. It provides a foundation for helping you to understand how mass media—as a business, as well as a set of texts—operates. The course also explores contextual issues—how media texts and businesses are received by audiences and by regulatory bodies.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Tessa Farmer 

This interdisciplinary course introduces students to critical global economic and cultural issues and examines globalization at a variety of scales of analysis (planetary, regional, national, individual). The goal is to provide understanding of the main conceptual approaches to global studies and thus enhance their ability to understand and evaluate important real-world issues and problems. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Neeti Nair 

Surveys 200 years of Indian history from the mid-18th century to the present, focusing on the imperial/colonial encounter with the British Raj before independence, and the social and political permutations of freedom in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka since.

School of Data Science

Professor Emanuel Moss 

Explores principles and applications of data ethics within a broader social framework that prioritizes conversations about policy, regulatory frameworks, accountability, transparency, and governance models. Will discuss who is responsible for doing responsible data science, question how our work shapes the world around us, and understand the impacts of big data on people and communities.

School of Data Science

Professor Farhana Faruqe

Explores principles and applications of data ethics within a broader social framework that prioritizes conversations about policy, regulatory frameworks, accountability, transparency, and governance models. Will discuss who is responsible for doing responsible data science, question how our work shapes the world around us, and understand the impacts of big data on people and communities.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Jacqueline Arthur-Montagne 

This course serves as a general introduction to the history, literature, social life, institutions, and ideology of ancient Greece.  All readings will be in translation, including focus on ancient texts and sources, including Homer, Herodotus, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Thucydides, Aristophanes, and Plato. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Justin Snedegar

The importance of moral philosophy to the study of the legal and political institutions of the modern state. In addition to exploring the nature of morality and moral reasoning, the course deals with basic questions about the concept of law and the justification of the state. Possible topics include inalienable rights, distributive justice, civil disobedience, secession, and the priority of liberty. For more details on this class, please visit the department website at http://www.virginia.edu/ppl/. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Emily Burrill

We will explore the history of human rights through analysis of overviews that emphasize political and social transformations and events, as well as through the study of historical case studies. Our main questions will concern how a powerful rhetoric of human rights has developed, who has spoken on its behalf (and who has been heard), and how human rights claims have intersected with existing political, institutional, and legal structures over time. We will address human rights atrocities and affronts to humanity, but our emphasis in the class will be on social movements and efforts toward redress and repair through the challenge and the promise of human rights. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Jon Lendon

Studies the political, military, and social history of Ancient Greece from the Homeric age to the death of Alexander the Great, emphasizing the development and interactions of Sparta and Athens.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Sonal Pandya

Introduces core concepts in political economy, including the institutional bases for states and markets, and the way these interact through the exercise of exit, voice, and collective action. Empirical material drawn from the last five centuries.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Alexander Motchoulski

Examines and evaluates some basic practices and principles of Anglo-American law. Discusses the justification of punishment, the death penalty, legal liability, good samaritan laws, and the legal enforcement of morality. For more details on this class, please visit the department website at http://www.virginia.edu/philosophy/. 

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy 

Professor Peter Johannessen

This course will introduce students to both the process of public policy and the tools of policy analysis. The first part examines the actors, institutions, and procedures involved in the adoption, implementation, and evaluation of public policy. The second part introduces students to the basic concepts and tools of policy analysis including problem definition, specification of alternatives, and solution analysis. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences

Professor S. Deborah Kang

This course will trace the origins of today's immigration policy debates by providing students with a comprehensive overview of American immigration law and policy from the 18th century to the present. The course will also explore how state and federal policies impacted a wide array of immigrants, including the Irish, Chinese, and Mexican arrivals of the 19th and 20th centuries. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Nichole Flores

Engaging commentary from a range of religious traditions and media sources, this course examines the enduring intellectual and political challenges of engaging religion in a pluralistic and democratic context. In addition to religious studies and theology, course readings will include material from media studies, law, political science, philosophy, and cognitive psychology. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences

Professor Samuel Rosenblum

Explores the theoretical ideas that informed the creation and development of America's political system and considers contemporary challenges to the maintenance of liberal democracy. Topics include the political thought of the Founders, constitutional changes wrought by the Civil War and Reconstruction, competing theories of constitutional interpretation and authority, and the contested responses to industrialization and economic modernization. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences

Professor Daniel Blinderman

Explores the theoretical ideas that informed the creation and development of America's political system and considers contemporary challenges to the maintenance of liberal democracy. Topics include the political thought of the Founders, constitutional changes wrought by the Civil War and Reconstruction, competing theories of constitutional interpretation and authority, and the contested responses to industrialization and economic modernization.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Melissa Vise

Famously dubbed 'the Dark Ages' by Petrarch, the European Middle Ages live on in popular imagination as an age of faith, a time of cultured knights and ladies, and a period of relentless violence. The period from 1100-1500 in what came to be called Europe experienced significant advancements in the flowering of religious piety, economic prosperity, ethical philosophy, the centralization of state power, law, urban life, science and medicine, literature, art, and soaring feats of architecture.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Alexander Motchoulski

This course will survey the historical development of political philosophy in the Western tradition. We will trace the development of that tradition starting in ancient Athens, following it through to the Industrial Revolution. Over the course of this study, students will advance their understanding of central ideas and arguments in political philosophy that deal with concepts such as equality, freedom, democracy, and property, among others. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Sarah Richardson

Includes courses on writing studies, corporate communications, and digital writing. For more details on this class, please visit the department website at http://www.engl.virginia.edu/courses. Prerequisite: Completion of first writing requirement. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Penny Von Eschen

This course provides the opportunity to offer a new topic in the subject area of general history.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Andreja Siliunas

This course covers social, economic, political, and cultural dimensions of inequality both within and between countries. We will discuss how systems like slavery, colonialism, and capitalism have entrenched unequal power relations across the globe; how structures of inequality are produced, legitimated, and reproduced at national and international scales; and how individuals experience and negotiate these structures. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Kate Sweeney

This course introduces you to the style and structure of news writing. The main goals are to sharpen your writing, reporting, and critical thinking skills, as well as teach you about news values and ethics. We will focus on writing “hard news” stories and feature stories, and we will draw from current events to discuss what makes news newsworthy.

The course is practical. It’s designed to teach you to think like a journalist and participate in the truth-telling process by learning to report and write accurate stories on deadline. You’ll receive feedback on your writing, and you will have the opportunity to revise your writing for inclusion in an end-of-the-semester portfolio. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Amir Syed

Surveys the main outlines of North African political, economic, and cultural history from the rise of Carthage as a Mediterranean power until the conclusion of the Algerian war for independence in 1962, and the creation of a system of nation-states in the region. It places the North African historical experience within the framework of both Mediterranean/European history and African history. Focuses mainly upon the area stretching from Morocco's Atlantic coast to the Nile Delta; also considered are Andalusia and Sicily, and the ties between Northwest Africa and sub-Saharan regions, particularly West Africa.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Keara Goin

This is a hands-on introduction to global media history. The course situates technologies, industries, texts and programs in the context of social, cultural, and political changes. Students will acquire basic competencies in historical research and writing: developing research questions, evaluating secondary sources, selecting archives, querying databases, managing notes, citing sources, sharing resources, and communicating findings as a team.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Lean Sweeney

Studies the history of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and El Salvador from 19th-century fragmentation, oligarchic, foreign, and military rule, to the emergence of popular nationalisms.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Sylvia Tidey

This course takes an ethnographically informed approach to the question of how to understand corruption by examining practices of and perspectives on corruption from across the globe—including the so-called Global North. It aims to encourage students to 1) critically assess assumptions at the heart of international anti-corruption discourses; 2) examine tensions between global discourses of corruption and local practices; 3) compare and contrast corruption between different localities.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Robin Means Coleman

The horror genre provides daring, unflinching lessons. It is a syllabus of our social, political, and racial world. Black horror, in particular, has established itself as a primer on the quest for social justice. What can such a boundary-pushing genre teach us about paths to solidarity and democracy? What can we learn about disrupting racism, misogyny, and anti-Blackness? 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Muhammad Tayyab Safdar

How do developing countries in the global South navigate the emergence of renewed great power competition? This class will explore the impact of European and non-European imperialism on large parts of the developing World. We will seek to answer this question by looking at the engagement of countries and actors in the global south with established and emerging powers in an increasingly multi-polar world. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences

Professor Paul Freedman 

Examines the role of mass media in the political process including such topics as print, broadcast, and online news, media and election campaigns, political advertising, and media effects on public opinion and political participation.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Lawrie Balfour

This course explores the critical and the constructive dimensions of African American political thought from slavery to the present. We will assess the claims that black Americans have made upon the polity, how they have defined themselves, and how they have sought to redefine key terms of political life such as citizenship, equality, freedom, and power.

School of Education and Human Development 

Professor Rachel Wahl

What is the purpose of your education? Why have you devoted so much of your life to it? This class explores opposing ideas about the aims of education. Should schooling prioritize skill-building, creativity, or reflection? Does education only reproduce social norms, or does it have the power to change society? We examine such questions in regard to our own education, philosophical texts, and efforts to promote schooling worldwide. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Kate Sweeney

In this course, we will explore the obstacles confronting the news industry—disinformation, declining trust in institutions, eroding business models, inequitable practices—but we won't dwell on what's gone wrong. Instead, we will focus on what can be done about it. We'll define the role of journalism in society, we'll examine emerging models of solutions-based journalism, and we will envision new models for community-minded news-sharing. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professors Larry Sabato and Kenneth Stroupe

Provides students with the opportunity to be directly involved with the research, programming, operations, and outreach of the University's non-profit, non-partisan Center for Politics. Includes projects focused on state and national politics, political history, civic engagement, voter behavior, media and politics, campaign finance and political analysis. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor John Owen 

Analyzes major themes in American foreign policy, emphasizing security issues, from World War I through the present. Prerequisite: Some background in the field of international relations or in U.S. history. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Milton Vickerman

Introduces the study of race and ethnic relations, including the social and economic conditions promoting prejudice, racism, discrimination, and segregation.  Examines contemporary American conditions, and historical and international materials. 

School of Education and Human Development 

Professor Alexa Rodriguez

In this course, students will use course texts and classroom discussions to explore the how schools have been integral to teaching what the role and responsibilities of citizens in a US-style democracy, as well as how schools also reveal the boundaries of this form of citizenship. The course will start from the formation of the common schools in the US and span the twentieth century, and will feature readings that employ a transnational lens. 

School of Education and Human Development 

Professor Bethany Bell

Provides a historical overview of major social problems in the U.S. and the contexts, policies, and programs developed in response. Topics include social welfare, education, housing, health care, employment, child welfare, immigration, and criminal justice, with attention to how institutions respond to complex human needs and social change, especially for marginalized and socially disadvantaged groups. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professors Marlon Ross and K. Ian Grandison

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Carah Ong Whaley

This course offers a unique opportunity to address critical challenges facing America's system of self-governance, focusing specifically on the 2026 congressional midterm elections. Students will engage directly with complex issues while collaborating with experts and stakeholders at local, state, and national levels. Through data analysis, problem-solving, and innovative solution design, participants will enhance their skills essential for civic engagement.

The course will explore the intricacies of midterm election dynamics, examining the roles of political parties, campaign finance, media influence (particularly social media), and voter mobilization strategies. Teams will develop and execute projects aimed at fostering informed civic participation and promoting nonpartisan voter education.

By integrating scholarship with practical application, this course cultivates students' civic knowledge, skills, and agency through course materials, discussions, and real-world projects designed to strengthen informed participation in politics and political institutions.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Bruce Williams

This hands-on course prepares students to read, evaluate, and design research in media studies. Drawing on critical, historical, administrative, and industrial traditions in the field, students will learn to assess the validity and anticipate the ethical requirements of various methods & data collection procedures. Following a theme selected by the instructor, the course culminates with each student proposing a new, original research study. 

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy 

Professor Andrew Kahrl

The history of local government and local politics in shaping American life. Course examines issues, themes, and problems of local democracy in historical and contemporary contexts. Class meetings combine lectures and discussions. Course includes local civic engagement component. 

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy 

Professor Paul Martin

This class examines how citizens, leaders, interest groups, and activists work to reshape our understanding of problems over time and investigates why some problems gain policy attention while others languish. The class emphasizes the complexity of understanding, designing, and implementing large-scale policies that attempt to address problems that are ultimately experienced by people in specific contexts and communities. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Holly Vradenburgh

Studies the legislative, executive, and judicial branches and the functional and territorial distribution of powers as reflected by Supreme Court decisions. Includes the nature of the judicial process. (No CR/NC enrollees.) 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Andrew Kahrl

This course examines the history of housing and real estate and explores its role in shaping the meaning and lived experience of race in modern America. We will learn how and why real estate ownership, investment, and development came to play a critical role in the formation and endurance of racial segregation, modern capitalism, and the built environment. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Lawrie Balfour

This advanced, interdisciplinary seminar considers how works of fiction enhance our understanding of the terms of democratic life. The theme of the seminar is the life and afterlife of slavery in American political experience. Our core texts will be Moby Dick, Invisible Man, and Beloved. Additionally, we will read related work by writers from the antebellum, Jim Crow, and post-civil rights eras. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Ian Mullins

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (Feb. 23, 1868–Aug. 27, 1963) was a uniquely American scholar and activist whose work has renewed significance today. His analysis of the United States reveals both the social causes and consequences of racial stratification, while his political activism offers possible solutions. A controversial figure in his time, he helped to found the American sociological discipline and yet was marginalized within it. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Paul Freedman

Explores the role of political advertising in American democracy. Examines ad messages as strategic political communications, analyzing both classic and contemporary ads. Explores the effects (if any) of political advertising on citizens' attitudes and behavior. 

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy 

Professor Peter Johannessen

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the major policy-making institutions, and how does the current system of American governance compare with that of other advanced societies? This class will examine the key institutional and political actors in policymaking; focusing on the increasing role of non-governmental institutions in problem solving. 

McIntire School of Commerce 

Professor Dorothy Leidner

This course introduces students to various emerging AI applications across societal, governmental, organizational, and personal sectors. We assess these uses through ethical and justice perspectives and AI ethical frameworks, evaluating their implications for individuals, organizations, and society. Students will develop policy recommendations for governments and organizations to advance the common good and mitigate potential harms of AI. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Lee Coppock

Studies politics using economic analysis. Topics include the theory of voting rules, regulation, taxation, and interest groups; the growth of government; and the design of constitutions. Prerequisite: ECON 3010.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professors Larry Sabato and Kenneth Stroupe

This class examines campaigns and elections from the perspective(s) of a candidate for public office and their staff. The objectives of the class are to provide students with a better understanding of the evolution of political campaigns, campaign strategies and political parties in the United States. We examine how candidates interact with the electorate; study some common effects of interest groups on political campaigns; and explore the processes of image-making and widely used techniques for influencing public perception of candidates and campaigns.  We examine these and other common challenges and requirements that confront candidates and campaigns leading up to, and during a typical campaign for public office all as students run a mock campaign for the United States Senate.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor John Owen

This course considers whether differences over the best societal, regional, or global order affect patterns of conflict and cooperation in international affairs; and if so, how. We emphasize both theory and history. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Charles Kromkowski

Investigates a selected issue in American government or American political development. Prerequisite: One course in PLAP or instructor permission. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Instructor Paul Begala

Investigates a selected issue in American government or American political development. Prerequisite: One course in PLAP or instructor permission. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Daniel Blinderman

This course explores the role of state constitutions in American Constitutional and Political Development. State constitutions have been at the center of struggles for (and against) multi-racial Democracy, battles between workers and employers and the extension of U.S. sovereignty over its western territories. How should we understand them? Are they vestigial institutions overshadowed by the U.S. constitution? Repositories of rights and freedoms absent in the Bill of Rights? So-called “founding” documents that define and structure new states, or new regimes within existing ones? We will explore these different perspectives, and then evaluate them through an exploration of important moments in American political development. The goal of this course is to examine the role state constitutions have historically played in American politics, and then use that understanding to generate new insights about the historical trajectory of American constitutional and political development.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Gerard Alexander

Comparatively high-income democracies in Western Europe, North America, Japan, and parts of East Asia and the South Pacific are among the most important units in the global economy, and they number among the world’s most politically, diplomatically, militarily, and culturally influential states. Yet experts continue to disagree about what caused both massive long-term economic growth and gradual "constitutionalization" and democratization in these countries. This course examines competing explanations for both those outcomes. Students read material covering some countries in all regions of the world. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Gerard Alexander

This course investigates perceptions that people outside the United States have held and currently hold about the United States. The first half of the course considers how perceptions matter in terms of major understandings of inter-state relations, such as deterrence and security dilemmas. We briefly consider case studies on the Cold War, U.S. relations with Iraq under Saddam Hussein, and balancing behavior since the end of the Cold War. The second half of the course considers perceptions by individuals and other non-state actors, especially in the 30 years since the end of the Cold War, including perceptions that might be relevant to the exercise of “soft power."

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Dale Copeland

Intensive analysis of selected issues and concepts in international relations. Prerequisite: One course in PLIR or instructor permission. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Paulina Ochoa Espejo 

Investigates a special problem of political theory such as political corruption, religion and politics, science and politics, or the nature of justice. Prerequisite: One course in PLPT or instructor permission.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Jennifer Rubenstein

Investigates a special problem of political theory such as political corruption, religion and politics, science and politics, or the nature of justice. Prerequisite: One course in PLPT or instructor permission. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Felix Maradiaga

Various topics offered in Global Studies. See department website for full course description and offerings. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Albert Rivero

Examines the structure and process of judicial policymaking, focusing on agenda-setting, deciding cases and opinion writing, implementation, compliance, and impact. Particular attention is given to the United States Supreme Court and its relationship to lower federal and state courts and the political environment. Prerequisite: Nine credits in PLAP and instructor permission.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professors Amir Syed and Emily Burrill

This course provides the opportunity to offer a new topic in the subject area of African History.

School of Architecture 

Professor Andrea Roberts 

In this course, students grapple with the dynamic tensions between planning and democracy, the various responses that have been proposed, and planning failures and successes. They explore the development of theories about how we ought to plan, why, and for whom. 

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy 

Professor John Holbein

In this course students will learn how to create change in the public policy arena by understanding political actors, their interests, and the institutions they inhabit. Students will learn how issues move through the policy process, at which points they are most amenable to influence, and how to create and use professional work products to influence them. 

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy 

Professor Melanie Egorin

This course will provide a solid foundation of insights into how Congress works, essential for aspiring public policy advocates. Topics investigated include historical precedents for policymaking, the process of Congressional decision-making, and power dynamics in Congress. We will also identify and develop the leadership skills and tactics of successful advocates, placing recent controversies and public policy issues in a historical context. 

Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy 

Professor Andrew Pennock

What are the most pressing policy problems facing Virginia and how can they be addressed? Students will learn how the broad historical forces of Virginia's past, her current political institutions, and changing social divisions shape public policy in Virginia today. Student projects will focus on current and future challenges facing the Commonwealth and develop strategies to address them. 

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professors Jennifer Rubenstein and Paulina Ochoa Espejo

Introduces the themes, methods, and development of political theory from classical antiquity to the present.

School of Law 

Professor TBA

In this course, we will seek to identify problems with American constitutional democracy, and to draft and debate concrete solutions in the form of constitutional amendments: what challenges or problems (if any) does our system of government face that ought to be addressed at the constitutional level, and how should they be addressed?

Darden School of Business 

Professor Scott Miller

This course is about "financial civics," or how the markets, institutions, and instruments in finance have interacted with the public will ("democracy") and its instrument, the regulatory establishment. Finance and democracy have stimulated each other on a recurring basis over the centuries, and this stimulus provokes a response.

College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 

Professor Lee Lockwood

Topics include the justifications for government activities; principles of program analysis; illustrative theoretical and empirical analysis of expenditure programs; and theories of political processes. Prerequisite: ECON 7030 or instructor permission.

School of Law 

Professor TBA

From 1940 to 1990, the United States eventually led the democratic world to victory in two worldwide struggles ‘World War II and the Cold War' against authoritarian systems. This course examines this pair of victories, especially the Cold War, through the role of international law, as well as the interplay between U.S. domestic law and foreign policy.